Negotiating with the Nation-state，Literature and Scholarship： The Academic History of Comparative Literature Retold
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摘要:
早在20世纪80年代，中国比较文学界就建立起了一种以“学派”和相应方法的更迭为线索的学科史叙事，讲述比较文学作为一个“学科”从欧洲萌芽、法国确立、美国发展到中国繁荣的过程。这一叙事具有体系严明、逻辑清晰、板块完整和易于教学的特点，并作为“基本概论”而沿用至今。然而，由于其局限在“学科”框架之内和过于简明整齐的特点，这种学科史实际上离真实历史和研究实践相去甚远，成为了只在课堂和考试真空中存活的“可爱而不可信”的知识。我们真正需要的，是能够放置到大历史中进行解释的以问题为核心的学术史，而非局限在预设的“体系”和“理论”之内的学科现象史。比较文学的萌芽生发自 18-19世纪欧洲民族国家与民族文学双重发现的历史过程中，此后，随着不同时空中的学者对于“民族国家”“文学”和“学术”这三要素的不同理解，比较文学表现出极大的形态差异。在19-20世纪上半叶的法国，通过跨越民族国家界限和确认历史学与文学史的“科学”地位，比较文学在文学关系史基础上呈现出跨国界和历史学研究的特征。到了20世纪中叶的美国，通过继承和突破文学关系和文学史学，比较文学从一种地方性和边缘性的学术领域转型成为西方的文学学术共同体，呈现出超越国家和文学中心的特征。20世纪80年代以来，通过全球地方化和理论化的发展，比较文学成为一种后国家和超文学的人文学术实践。从民族国家、文学与学术这三要素来描述比较文学的历史脉络，既能清晰地看到比较文学作为一种跨界人文学术的多元形态，也能深入体认不同的比较文学实践与大历史的动态关联，从而为更好地理解比较文学的历史与未来打开通路。
Abstract:Since the 1980 s, Chinese comparatists have constructed a solid narrative of the disciplinary history of comparative literature. Based on a lineage of schools and their methods, it tells a story of a discipline which was born in Europe, grew up in the USA, and at last flourished in China. With its highly organized and systematic features, this narrative is very useful in pedagogy;therefore, it is regarded as part of the basic knowledge of the discipline. However, this narrative is too neat to match the multidimensional histories and practices of comparative literature, hence its usefulness is largely restricted to the vacuum of classrooms and exams. What we really need is a history of various academic problems in association with the larger history, rather than a rigidly defined disciplinary history with a predetermined and teleological narrative. Sprouted in the dual discovery of the nation-state and national literature, comparative literature has always been negotiating with the nation-state, literature and scholarship. In the 19 th and the early 20 th century, the French comparatists built comparative literature on the scientificity of history studies and literary history, giving the discipline characteristics of transnationalism and historiography. In the mid-20 th century, with their heritage of(and breakthrough in) relational and historical studies, American comparatists brought the discipline from a regional and marginal status to the community of literary academics in the West, and gave literature centrality, allowing comparative literature to transcend the nationstate. Since the 1980 s, comparative literature has been largely glocalized and theorized, and turned out to be a compound of variant post-national and hyper-literary academic practices in the humanities. Noticing its endless negotiation with the nation-state, literature and scholarship, we might not only better learn the diverse histories of comparative literature, but also understand the dynamic relationship between comparative literature and the larger history. At last, the studies of the academic history of comparative literature could lead us to the futures of this discipline or nondiscipline
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Key words:
- nation-state /
- literature /
- scholarship /
- history of comparative literature
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