Shakespeare's Use and Non-use of Plague: From Macro-context to Micro-narrative
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摘要: 这篇论文将通过多个方面论述莎士比亚对瘟疫的“使用”和“不用”。首先，论文参考《泰尔亲王配力克里斯》和《俄狄浦斯王》来探讨传奇剧和悲剧的区别，以及这种区别如何导致了作者不同的关注点和叙事模式。在第二部分，论文通过论述莎士比亚对“因果”和“悲剧”的看法来阐明，为什么罗密欧与朱丽叶的爱情悲剧只是部分和瘟疫关联，但是瘟疫并不是主因。在第三部分，论文探讨李尔王如何在最愤怒也最脆弱的时刻，将瘟疫变成一种诅咒的语言。这既指向了一个事实，即李尔王的生存环境是由“存在”和“虚无”来定义，同时也滋生出崭新、深刻的思想，让现代读者由此获得一种精神成长。在文章的结语部分，论文重新阐明了莎士比亚对我们现代生命形式的贡献，同时重新思考莎士比亚对瘟疫的“使用”和“不用”：在莎士比亚的时代，瘟疫从未远离，而瘟疫本身归属于自然的范畴。通过运用语言艺术，莎士比亚超越并且重新定义了自然。他用艺术保存的希望之火也是每个个体有意识并且持续追求的目标。Abstract: This essay will discuss Shakespeare's use and non-use of plague with regard to several aspects. Firstly, I will refer to Pericles and Oedipus the King to discuss differences between a romance and a tragedy, and how these differences may result in writers' different focuses and narratives. In the second part, I will discuss why Romeo and Juliet die only partly because of plague, but do not truly die because of it with regard to Shakespeare's notions of causality and tragedy. In the third part, I will discuss how King Lear makes use of plague as a curse most furiously and vulnerably, which at once points to his living environment defined by "being" and "nothingness, " and also generates something new and profound, through which modern readers may achieve a spiritual growth. I conclude the essay by restating Shakespeare's great contributions to our modern ways of existence, and rethinking Shakespeare's use and non-use of plague in his works:plague is never really away from Shakespeare and his contemporaries, and it belongs to the realm of nature. Shakespeare uses his language as an art to transcend or redefine nature by preserving a sense of hope, which each individual consciously and continuously strives for.
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[1] Eliot,George. Middlemarch:An Authoritative Text,Backgrounds,Criticism. Second Edition. New York:W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. [2] Garber, Marjorie. Shakespeare After All. New York:Anchor Books, 2004. [3] Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. New York:Bantam Classic, 2007. [4] ——. The Tragedy of King Lear. Edited by Jay L. Halio. Cambridge University Press,2005. [5] ——. Pericles. Third Series. London:The Arden Shakespeare,2004. [6] Smith, Emma. This is Shakespeare. London:Pelican Books, 2019. [7] ——. "What William Shakespeare Teaches Us about Living with Pandemics." Gulf News.October 31, 2020.https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/covid-19-what-william-shakespeare-teaches-us-about-living-with-pandemics-1.70670108. [8] Sontag, Susan. Illness as Metaphor. New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1977. [9] Sophocles. Antigone, Oedipus the King and Electra. Oxford:OUP, 1994. -
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