Changing Interpretations of Luo-Tu and Scientific Disenchantment in the Qin and Han Eras

ZHANG Shuguo

doi:10.19857/j.cnki.ICL.20214303

Volume 4 Issue 3

Sep. 2022

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > International Comparative Literature > 2021 > 4(3): 443-474

ZHANG Shuguo. Changing Interpretations of Luo-Tu and Scientific Disenchantment in the Qin and Han Eras[J]. International Comparative Literature, 2021, 4(3): 443-474. doi: 10.19857/j.cnki.ICL.20214303

Citation:

ZHANG Shuguo. Changing Interpretations of Luo-Tu and Scientific Disenchantment in the Qin and Han Eras[J]. International Comparative Literature, 2021, 4(3): 443-474. doi: 10.19857/j.cnki.ICL.20214303

ZHANG Shuguo. Changing Interpretations of Luo-Tu and Scientific Disenchantment in the Qin and Han Eras[J]. International Comparative Literature, 2021, 4(3): 443-474. doi: 10.19857/j.cnki.ICL.20214303

Citation:

PDF( 6435 KB)

Changing Interpretations of Luo-Tu and Scientific Disenchantment in the Qin and Han Eras

doi: 10.19857/j.cnki.ICL.20214303

ZHANG Shuguo^,

Hangzhou Normal University

Received Date: 2020-12-21
Accepted Date: 2021-02-10

Abstract

Abstract

Luo-Tu, a mythical picture which depicts the legend of the tortoise from the river of Luo, belongs to the cult of esotericism of the Qin and Han eras.The authentic sources of Luo-Tu have been unknown for a long time. The reports of Confucian scholars of the Song dynasty mainly aim at a description of Luo-Tu,which was handed down from ancient times and had lost its original meaning. The genuine Luo-Tu derived from the exploration of esoteric realms of astronomy and astrology in the Qin and Han eras. The unearthed six-ren-shi-pan astronomical instruments from the tomb of the Marquis Xia Houzao included two dial plates—the heaven dial plate and the earth dial plate. The title of Qian-Zao-Du was derived from the heaven dial plate and the book used words such as Four-Zheng, Four-Wei,Eight-orientation, Eight-wind, and Eight Diagram to explain the earth dial plate. The Qian-Zao-Du had recorded observation results and fixed the length of a year at 365¼ days, and this discovery embodied the primitive scientific spirit of disenchantment in the Qin and Han eras. The heaven dial plate of the six-ren-shipan is a model of the orbital routes of sun and moon, and the earth dial plate, which was the source of Luo-Tu, was a model of the earth square and the four seasons of a year, and served to explain the relation between the monsoon climate and the life cycles of natural beings. The Qian-Zao-Du used the theory of Eight diagram to explain such astronomy instruments as the six-ren-shi-pan from the tomb of RuYin-Hou. With the disappearance of the instruments, the explanation had lost its scientific roots and could not be understood. With the historical appearance of enchantment movements, the true scientific meaning of Luo-Tu disappeared and only the riddle of diagram remained.
- Luo-Tu,
- Qin & Han era,
- esotericism,
- disenchantment

FullText(HTML)

References(63)

References

[1]	(日)安居香山、中村璋八辑:《纬书集成》, 石家庄:河北人民出版社, 1994年。[YASUI, Kosan, and NAKAMURA Shouhachi, eds.Weishu jicheng(Anthology of Apocrypha).Shijiazhuang:Hebei People's Publishing House, 1994.]
[2]	(东汉)班固、(唐)颜师古:《宋本汉书》, 北京:国家图书馆出版社, 2017年。[BAN Gu and YAN Shigu.Songben Hanshu(Song Edition of the Book of Han).Beijing:National Library of China Publishing House, 2017.]
[3]	(东汉)班固:《汉书》, 北京:中华书局, 1962年。[BAN Gu.Hanshu(Book of Han).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company, 1962.]
[4]	(南宋)蔡沈:《书集传》, 合肥:黄山书社, 2012年。[CAI Shen.Shu ji zhuan(Chinese Classics Collection).Hefei:Huangshan Press, 2012.]
[5]	(宋)晁公武著, 孙猛注:《郡斋读书志校证》, 上海:上海古籍出版社, 1990年。[CHAO Gongwu, SUN Meng.Junzhai dushu zhi(Records of Books Read in My Studio in the Province).Vol.1. Shanghai:Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1990.]
[6]	陈侃理:《儒学数术与政治:灾异的政治文化史》, 北京:北京大学出版社, 2015年。[CHEN Kanli.Ruxue shushu yu zhengzhi:zaiyi de zhengzhi wenhua shi(The Confucian Craft and Politics:The Political-cultural History of Disasters).Beijing:Peking University Press, 2015.]
[7]	陈伟:《秦简牍合集释文注释修订本》, 武汉:武汉大学出版社, 2016年。[CHEN Wei.Qin Jiandu heji shiwen zhushi xiudingben(Interpretation of and Annotations on the Collection of Qin Bamboo Strip Manuscripts or Qin Strips[A Revised Edition]).Vol.4.Wuhan:Wuhan University Press, 2016.]
[8]	陈遵妫:《中国天文学史》, 上海:上海人民出版社, 2006年。[CHEN Zungui.Zhongguo tianwenxue shi(The History of China's Astronomy).Shanghai:Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2006.]
[9]	(英)德雷克·沃特兹:《中国星占学:天体信使启示录》, 英国, 南安普顿:水瓶座出版社, 1990年。[Walters, Derek.Zhongguo xingzhan xue:tianti xinshi qishi lu(Chinese Astrology:Interpreting the revelations of the Celestial Messengers).Northampton, England:The Aquarian Press, 1990.]
[10]	(晋)杜预注, (唐)孔颖达等:《春秋左传正义》, 《十三经注疏》(嘉庆刊本), 北京:中华书局, 2009年。[DU Yu, KONG Yingda.Chunqiu Zuo zhuan Zhengyi(Annotations on Chunqiu Zuo zhuan).In Shisan jing zhushu (Annotations and Commentaries on the Thirteen Chinese Classics).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company, 2009.]
[11]	(清)段玉裁:《说文解字注》, 上海:上海古籍出版社, 1988年。[DUAN Yucai.Shuowen jiezi zhu(Annotations on Shuowen jiezi).Shanghai:Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1988.]
[12]	(南朝·宋)范晔:《后汉书》, 北京:中华书局, 1965年。[FAN Ye.Hou Hanshu(Book of the Later Han).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company, 1965.]
[13]	(唐)房玄龄等:《晋书》, 北京:中华书局, 1974年。[FANG Xuanling.Jinshu(Book of Jin).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company, 1974.]
[14]	冯时:《中国古代的天文与人文》, 北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2006年。[FENG Shi.Zhongguo gudai de tianwen yu renwen(The Ancient Astrology and Humanity of China).Beijing:China Social Sciences Press, 2006.]
[15]	(美)弗里茨·林格:《韦伯学术思想评传》, 马乐乐译, 北京:北京大学出版社, 2011年。[Ringer, Fritz.Weibo xueshu sixiang pingzhuan(Max Weber:An Intellectual Biography).Translated by MA Lele.Beijing:Beijing University Press, 2011.]
[16]	(英)葛瑞汉:《阴阳与关联思维的本质》, 见艾兰、汪涛、范毓周主编:《中国古代思维模式与阴阳五行说探源》, 南京:江苏古籍出版社, 1998年。[Graham, A.C. "Yinyang yu guanlian siwei de benzhi(Yin-Yang and the Nature of Correlative Thinking)." In Zhongguo gudai siwei moshi yu yinyang wuxing shuo tanyuan(Essays on the Investigation of Thinking Model of Ancient China and Yin-Yang and Five Element).Edited by Sarah Allan, WANG Tao and FAN Yuzhou.Nanjing:Chinese Classics Publishing House of Jiangsu Province, 1998.]
[17]	(清)洪颐煊:《洪颐煊集》, 上海:上海古籍出版社, 2018年。[HONG Yixuan.HONG Yixuan ji(Complete Works of Hong Yixuan).Shanghai:Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 2018.]
[18]	湖北省荆州市周良玉桥博物馆编:《关沮秦汉墓简牍》, 北京:中华书局, 2001年。[Zhou Liangyu Bridge Museum, ed.Guanju Qin-Han mu jiandu(Inscriptions on Bamboo and Wooden Slips and Tablets Unearthed in Guanju Area).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company, 2001.]
[19]	《黄帝内经·灵枢经》, 扬州:广陵书社, 2015年。[Anonymous.Huangdi nei jing·Lingshu jing(The Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic·The Spiritual Pivot).Yangzhou:Guangling Press, 2015.]
[20]	(清)黄奭:《汉学堂经解》, 扬州:广陵书社, 2004年。[HUANG Shi.Hanxue tang jingjie(Interpretation of Classics from the Institute of Han Studies).Yangzhou:Guangling Press, 2004.]
[21]	江晓原、钮卫星:《中国天学史》, 上海:上海人民出版社, 2005年。[JIANG Xiaoyuan and NIU Weixing.Zhongguo Tianxue shi(History of Chinese Astronomy).Shanghai:Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2005.]
[22]	(唐)孔颖达:《尚书正义》, 见《十三经注疏》(嘉庆刊本), 2009年。[KONG Yingda.Shangshu Zhengyi(The Rectified Interpretations of Shangshu or The Book of Documents).In Shisan jing zhushu (Annotations and Commentaries on the Thirteen Chinese Classics), 2009.]
[23]	(北宋)李昉等:《太平御览》, 上海:上海古籍出版社, 2008年。[LI Fang, etc.Taiping yulan(Imperial Overview from the Taiping Reign[976-983]).Shanghai:Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 2008.]
[24]	李瑞爽:《古代中国静谧的艺术:最早医学典籍〈灵枢经〉的历史分析及哲学影响》, 台北:联经出版事业公司, 1980年。[Lee, Francis Ruey-Shuang.Gudai Zhongguo jingmi de yishu:zui zao yixue dianji Lingshu jing de lishi fenxi ji zhexue yingxiang(The Silent Art of Ancient China:Historical Analysis of the Intellectual Philosophical Influences in the Earliest Medical Corpus Lingshu ching or The Spiritual Pivot).Taipei:Linking Publishing Company, 1980.]
[25]	(英)李约瑟:《中国科学技术史》, 梅荣照等译, 北京, 科学出版社, 上海:上海古籍出版社, 2018年。[Needham, Joseph.Zhongguo kexue jishu shi(The History of China's Science and Technology).Translated by MEI Rongzhao.Beijing:Science Press, 2018.]
[26]	刘文典:《淮南鸿烈集解》, 北京:中华书局, 2013年。[LIU Wendian.Huainan honglie jijie(Collective Annotations on Huainan zi, or the Book of the Master of Huainan).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company, 2013.]
[27]	马非百:《秦集史》, 北京:中华书局, 1982年。[MA Feibai.Qin ji shi(History of the Qin Dynasty).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company, 1982.]
[28]	(德)马克斯·韦伯:《新教伦理与资本主义精神》, 康乐、简惠美译, 桂林:广西师范大学出版社, 2010年。[Weber, Max.Xinjiao lunli yu Zibenzhuyi jingshen(The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism).Translated by KANG Le and JIAN Huimei, Guilin:Guangxi Normal University Press, 2010.]
[29]	潘鼐、崔石竹编著:《中国天文》, 上海:上海三联书店, 1998年。[PAN Nai and CUI Shizhu.Zhongguo tianwen(Astronomy of China).Shanghai:Shanghai Joint Publishing, 1998.]
[30]	(唐)瞿昙悉达:《唐开元占经》, 北京:中国书店, 1989年。[QUTAN Xida.Tang kaiyuan zhanjing(Classic of Astrology from the Kaiyuan Reign-period of the Tang Era).Beijing:China Books, 1989.]
[31]	(南梁)沈约:《宋书》, 北京:中华书局, 1974年。[SHEN Yue.Songshu(Book of Song).Beijing, Zhonghua Book Company, 1974.]
[32]	(西汉)司马迁:《史记》(修订本), 北京:中华书局, 2014年。[SIMA Qian.Shi ji(Record of the Grand Historian).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company, 2014.]
[33]	(日)薮内清:《中国的天文历法》, 杜石然译, 北京:北京大学出版社, 2017年。[YABUUCHI, Kiyoshi.Zhongguo de tianwen lifa(Astronomy and Calendar of China).Translated by DU Shiran.Beijing:Peking University Press, 2017.]
[34]	(明)孙瑴:《古微书》, 济南:山东友谊书社, 1990年。[SUN Jue.Gu weishu(Book of Ancient Arcana).Jinan:Shandong Friendship Publishing House, 1990.]
[35]	孙占宇、鲁家亮:《放马滩秦简及岳麓秦简〈梦书〉研究》, 武汉:武汉大学出版社, 2017年。[SUN Zhanyu and LU Jialiang.Fangmatan Qin jian ji Yuelu Qin jian Mengshu yanjiu(Research on the Fangmatan Qin Strips and Yuelu Academy Qin Dream Manual).Wuhan:Wuhan University, 2017.]
[36]	(魏)王弼、(晋)韩康伯注, (唐)孔颖达正义:《宋本周易注疏》, 北京:中华书局, 1988年。[WANG Bi, HAN Kangbo, and KONG Yingda.Songben zhouyi zhushu(Song Edition of the Commentaries and Subcommentaries to the Zhou Yi).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company, 1988.]
[37]	(法)汪德迈:《跨文化中国学》, 北京:中国大百科全书出版社, 2020年。[Vandermeersch, Léon.Kuawenhua Zhongguo xue(Cross-cultural Sinology).Beijing:Chinese Macropaedia Press, 2020.]
[38]	——:《中国思想的两种理性:占卜与表意》, 金丝燕译, 北京:北京大学出版社, 2017年。[——.Zhongguo sixiang de liangzhong lixing:zhanbu yu biaoyi(The Two Kinds of Chinese Rational Thinking:Divination and Ideography).Translated by JIN Siyan.Beijing:Beijing University Press, 2017.]
[39]	王健民、梁柱、王胜利:《曾侯乙墓出土的二十八宿青龙白虎图象》, 《文物》1979年第7期, 第40-45页。[WANG Jianmin, LIANG Zhu, and WANG Shengli.Zenghou Yi mu chutu de ershiba xiu qinglong baihu tuxiang (The Picture of Azure Dragon and White Tiger of the Twenty-Eight Constellations Unearthed from Marquis Yi's Tomb).Wenwu (Cultural Relics) 7 (1979):40 -45.]
[40]	(清)王谟辑录:《增订汉魏丛书》第6册《汉魏丛书钞》, 重庆:西南师范大学出版社, 北京:东方出版社, 2011年。[WANG Mo.Hanwei congshu chao(Collectanea from the Han and Wei Dynasties).In Zengding hanwei congshu (Collectanea from the Han and Wei Dynasties[A Revised Edition]).Vol.6.Chongqing:South-western Normal University Press;Beijing:Orient Press, 2011.]
[41]	(明)王圻、王思义编绘:《三才图会》, 上海:上海古籍出版社, 1988年。[WANG Qi, WANG Siyi.Sancai tuhui(Collected Illustrations of the Three Realms).Shanghai:Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 1988.]
[42]	(清)王先谦:《尚书孔传参正》, 北京:中华书局, 2011年。[WANG Xianqian.Shangshu Kongzhuan canzheng(A Critical Commentary on Shangshu and Kong Zhuan).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company, 2011.]
[43]	王襄天、韩自强:《阜阳双古堆西汉汝阴侯墓发掘简报》, 《文物》1978年第8期, 第12-33页。[WANG Xiangtian and HAN Ziqiang. "Fuyang shuanggudui Xihan Ruyin hou mu fajue jianbao" (Excavation Report on the Tomb of the Marquis of Ruyin of the Western Han Dynasty at Fuyang Shuanggudui." Wenwu(Cultural Relics) 8(1978):12 -33.]
[44]	(南宋)王应麟著, 翁元圻注:《困学纪闻》, 上海:上海古籍出版社, 2008年。[WANG Yinglin, WENG Yuanqi.Kunxue jiwen(Record of Stories from Arduous Learning).Shanghai:Shanghai Chinese Classics Publishing House, 2008.]
[45]	(美)韦希勒:《玉帛之献:仪式及其象征在唐朝的正统性》, 纽黑文和伦敦:耶鲁大学出版社, 1985年。[Wechsler, Howard J.Yubo zhi xian:yishi ji qi xiangzheng zai Tangchao de zhengtong xing(Offerings of Jade and Silk:Ritual and Symbol in The Legitimation of The T' ang Dynasty).New Haven and London:Yale University Press, 1985.]
[46]	(唐)魏征、令狐德棻:《隋书》, 北京:中华书局, 1974年。[WEI Zheng, LING HU De Fen.Suishu(Book of Sui).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company, 1974.]
[47]	(荷)乌特·哈内赫拉夫:《西方神秘学指津》, 张卜天译, 北京:商务印书馆, 2018年。[Hanegraaff, Wouter J.Xifang shenmixue zhijin(Western Esotericism:A Guide for the Perplexed).Translated by ZHANG Butian.Beijing:The Commercial Press, 2018.]
[48]	(隋)萧吉:《五行大义》, 北京:学苑出版社, 2014年。[XIAO Ji.Wuxing dayi(The Principle of the Five Elements).Beijing:Xueyuan Press, 2014.]
[49]	(梁)萧统选编, (唐)吕延济等注:《日本足利学校藏宋刊明州本六臣注〈文选〉》, 北京:人民文学出版社, 2011年。[XIAO Tong, LÜYanji.Wen xuan(Selections of Refined Literature).Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House, 2011.]
[50]	徐旭生:《中国古史的传说时代》, 桂林:广西师范大学出版社, 2003年。[XU Xusheng.Zhongguo gushi de chuanshuo shidai(Issues on the Legend Era of Ancient History of China).Guilin:Guangxi Normal University Press, 2003.]
[51]	许维遹:《吕氏春秋集释》, 北京:中华书局, 2010年。[XU Weiyu.Lüshi chunqiu jishi(Collective Annotations on Lüshi chunqiu).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company, 2010. ]
[52]	(法)亚历山大·柯瓦雷:《从封闭世界到无限宇宙》, 张卜天译, 北京:商务印书馆, 2017年。[Koyré, Alexandre.Cong fengbi shijie dao wuxian yuzhou(From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe).Translated by ZHANG Butian.Beijing:The Commercial Press, 2017.]
[53]	严敦杰:《关于西汉初期的式盘和占盘》, 《考古》1978年第5期, 第334-337页。[YAN Dunjie.Guanyu Xihan chuqi de shipan he zhanpan(On Shi Pan and Zhan Pan in the Beginning of the Western Han Dynasty).Kaogu(The Archaeology) 5(1978):334 -37.]
[54]	(西汉)扬雄撰、(北宋)司马光注:《太玄集注》, 北京:中华书局, 1998年。[YANG Xiong, SIMA Guang.Taixuan jizhu(Collective Commentaries on[and Notes to]Taixuan jing, or the Classic of the Supreme Mystery).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company, 1998.]
[55]	(清)永瑢等:《四库全书简明目录》, 上海:华东师范大学出版社, 2012年。[YONG Rong, etc.Siku quanshu jianming mulu (The Imperial Catalog of the Four Treasuries).Shanghai:East China Normal University press company, 2012.]
[56]	——:《四库全书总目提要》, 北京:中华书局, 1995年。[——.Siku quanshu zongmu tiyao(The Imperial Catalog of the Four Treasuries).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company, 1995.]
[57]	张树国:《漏卮与〈庄子〉卮言探析》, 《文学遗产》2021年第1期, 第48-61页。[ZHANG Shuguo. "Louzhi yu Zhuangzi zhiyan tanxi" (The Exploration of the Lou-zhi and Zhi Utterance of Zhuangzi).Wenxue yichan (Literary Heritage) 1 (2021):48 -61.]
[58]	——:《颛顼历与秦汉〈诗〉学与诗歌创作的时间问题》, 《励耘学刊》2021年第1期, 第1-35页。[——.Zhuanxu li yu Qin Han shi xue yu shige chuangzuo de shijian wenti(The Investigation of the Zhuan-xu Calendar and the Time of the Book of Songs and Poetics in Qin-Han Dynasty).Beijing shifan daxue liyun xuekan (Beijing Normal University Liyun Periodical) 1(2021):1-35.]
[59]	——:《〈楚辞·大招〉:汉高祖丧礼中的招魂文本》, 《文学评论》2017年第2期, 第164-179页。[——. "Chuci·Dazhao:Hangaozu sangli zhong de zhaohun wenben" (The Songs of the South·The Great Summons:The Text of Summoning the Emperor Liu Bang's Spirits in the Funeral Cult).Wenxue pinglun(Literary Criticism) 2(2017):164-79.]
[60]	(清)赵翼:《廿二史札记》, 北京:中国书店, 1987年。[ZHAO Yi.Nianer shi zhaji(A Historical Critique of the Twenty-two Official Dynastic Histories).Beijing:China Books, 1987.]
[61]	(清)赵在翰辑, 钟肇鹏、萧文郁点校:《七纬》, 北京:中华书局, 2012年。[ZHAO Zaihan, ed.Qi Wei(Seven Luminaries, or The Seven Planets of Pre-modern Astronomy).Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company, 2012.]
[62]	(汉)郑玄、(唐)贾公彦:《周礼注疏》卷四十, 《十三经注疏》(嘉庆刊本), 2009年。[ZHENG Xuan and JIA Gongyan.Zhouli zhushu(Annotations and Commentaries on the Rites of Zhou).Vol.40.In Shisanjing zhushu(Annotations and Commentaries on the Thirteen Chinese Classics), 2009.]
[63]	(南宋)朱熹:《周易本义》, 北京:中国书店, 1987年。[ZHU Xi.Zhouyi benyi(The Original Meaning of the Yijing).Beijing:China Book Company, 1987.]